Bitumen in century

The Sumerians, Assyrians and many of the early civilizations of bitumen widely used. Waterproof material from this material as well as covers for the Wood and items such as balm, sculpture and decorative use.

The tar in natural contexts, along with cooked bricks in the building of temples as mastic, the foundation of bridges, streets and houses have been applied. In about four to five centuries BC, the Achaemenid Persepolis also have used tar for sealing the majestic palace which still can be found in the collection is.
Bitumen , the first use of this word in the English equivalent of the Latin language in the early 1460's AD. Asphalt in American English it is called in our country, equivalent to "mix" is used.
Bitumen beginning of modern industry can be attributed to AD 1712 Qyrtbyy rocks were discovered in France. At the time of the bitumen to the surface in a simple form agglomerates were broadcast on local roads and traffic gradually they meant to be worn and dense. This technique was completely successful and in a short time progress was made in this area, including Purdue was up and warming before use. Then the asphalt down and flatten with a hot iron (iron) dense and firm underneath. The substance is commonly called asphalt dense (Compressed Rock Asphalt) was known, was used with great success in the streets of Europe, which to date has reached everywhere.
No doubt the word of bitumen to people familiar word but perhaps the substance to the extent that a substance known and is known in the folk tradition, known and not known to professionals. Folk harvest "pitch a dark, smelly and unpleasant sometimes two specific properties: adhesion and sealing. The origin of the oil and Asphalt Shingles Roofing asphalt or used in the preparation." Of course, this view is far Bitumen is only the appearance it. Of Experts, bitumen is not a specific material with specified properties but which is a mixture of hydrocarbons range of solid and liquid are mixed together. Accordingly, molecular studies bitumen is almost impossible and can only be used with specific methods of separation, solvent, similar groups to hydrocarbon separation, classification and properties of each (using NMRIR, GPC and ...) revealed. Obviously, the result of such analysis is greatly dependent on the separation technique is highly dependent on the type of solvent separation method is used. There are multiple definitions and unconditional use of the word tar, finding a precise definition for this material has made it possible.
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Material bitumen is defined as follows: "A bunch of black or dark sticky material (solid, semi-solid or viscous) with the major ingredients of natural origin or production Hydrvkbnhay high molecular weight form and carbon disulfide (CS2) solution. "
Asphalt also is the concept of ambiguities. The English equivalent of the word tar is used in the United States of America, but in Iran means of asphalt mixture is used in road construction.
Bitumen is a chemical system based on approximately 95-90 percent of the carbon that is made of carbon and hydrogen, and therefore called hydrocarbons.
Rest consists of two types of atoms: heteroatoms (nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur) and metals (vanadium, nickel and iron), all the atoms combined in the mix in a wide range of molecules are different.
Hydrocarbons: Lfatyk of (alkanes), cyclic (Hide aromatics) and aromatic rings (horn)
Heteroatoms: (O, N, S)
Metals: (V, Ni, Fe)